It is just amazing how some old folk medicines have basis in fact. Modern medicine is using maggots to keep gangrene from spreading, again using leeches in certain procedures. And now studying worms, which are used in Chinese folk medicine. Even the Ice Man found several years ago in the Alps carried dried mushrooms that are known to have medicinal properties. How did they ever manage without a PHD and computers? --John
Worm poo shows there's brass in muck
Earthworms selectively kill, then digest or ferment soil bacteria. Now scientists think we can learn from these slimy killers to develop new antimicrobial agents (Source: iStockphoto)
Two teams, one from Russia, the other from China, publish their findings in the European Journal of Soil Biology.
For hundreds of thousands of years, worms have flourished in excrement and germ-filled conditions that people spend countless dollars and hours trying to wash off and avoid.
"Phylogenetically, earthworms are a very old group," says Boris Byzov, from , Moscow Lomonosov State University and lead researcher of one of the teams.
"They are presumably the most ancient soil dwellers and have been around in sediments of the Precambrian and Ordovician [over 500 million years ago]," he says.
Byzov and his colleagues dug up worms from soils rich in cow manure, then measured the amount of bacteria and fungi in soil and "fresh excrement" from worms.
Interestingly, the worm poo contained a different microorganism mixture, with significantly fewer fungi.
The scientists then took fluid from the worms' digestive tract and subjected it to a bacterial and fungi barrage.
FILTERS AND FERMENTS
The tests indicate the earthworm gut filters, and even ferments, at least some types of microorganisms.
"Earthworms selectively kill and then digest some bacteria and fungi," says Byzov. "Other microorganisms can successfully pass the digestive tract with some populations multiplying in the posterior part of the gut."
He says this activity helps to keep soil microbial communities in balance. Worm poo even changes how soil absorbs water.
"[Earthworms] make soil more water resistant through their excretion of mucus-rich casts," Byzov says.
"Consuming soil, they make big channels and burrows, which are then easily occupied by plant roots and small animals."
CHINESE WORMS KILL TOO
As these experiments were taking place, Sun Zhenjun from China Agricultural University in Beijing and colleagues were making worm discoveries of their own.
Zhenjun knew that, for centuries, traditional Chinese medicine practitioners had included worms in their preparations.
He describes the insect treatments as "cold" and "slightly salty", with claims of treating everything from herpes to cancer.
The Beijing team introduced cancerous cells, obtained from China-Japan Friendship Hospital, to worm tissues and fluids.
The researchers say they saw significant change, with many of the cancer cells dying.
CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS
Zhenjun says he and his colleagues then accidentally found that worm compounds, specifically some complex carbohydrates and protein components, have antibacterial functions.
Like Byzov, Zhenjun's team mix all kinds of human-infecting microbes with the worm compounds, such as Escherichia coli, staphylococcus, pneumonia-causing bugs and candida.
The worm goo easily killed off each one, including the extremely harmful bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is naturally resistant to penicillin and most other antibiotics.
Zhenjun and his colleagues are now trying to isolate the most powerful anticancer and antibacterial agents in worms, so that these might be synthesised for human use in future.
Bonobos seem to ascribe to the 1960s hippie credo, "make love, not war." They make a lot of love, and do so in every conceivable fashion. Beyond that, they are very loving too, showing care and compassion for each other in many ways. Sex in bonobo society transcends reproduction, as it does in humans. It serves as a way of bonding, exchanging energy and sharing pleasure.
Like humans, bonobo females are sexually receptive throughout most of their estrus cycle. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), on the other hand, only mate during the few days when a female is fertile. Generally, the ranking males in chimp society "get the girls." Male chimps make macho displays to impress females and can be quite vehement in their demands. Consequently, chimp females do not have much control over who they mate with. Bonobo males tend to be a bit more polite. They ask first, by displaying themselves in a persuasive but non-aggressive manner, offering food or making other propositions - and bonobo females have the right to refuse.
What's it like to come upon a group of bonobos in the forest? First of all, you'd better look up! Bonobos spend a lot of time high in the rainforest canopy. These acrobatic apes move through the trees swiftly and gracefully, maneuvering through the forest to forage on fruit and other foods. They also travel on the ground, often single file along their own sort of trail system. They tend to like swampy areas, where sometimes they dig for grubs or small crustaceons. Bonobos have complex “mind maps” of the forest and coordinate travel through vocalizations and other forms of communication people do not yet understand.
For respite, he took long rides on Bonfire through the French countryside. Another animal companion was a casualty of the war, the dog Bonneau, who adopted John McCrae as his special friend.
